Matthew Lerner, Ph.D.
University of Virginia (2013) Associate Professor, Clinical Psychology
Prof. Lerner is no longer on faculty at Stony Brook University. He is now an Associate Professor and Life Course Outcomes Program Leader, AJ Drexel Autism Institute.
Contact: |
Research Interests:
Elucidating novel models of and processes underlying social functioning in youth; Design and development of empirically-supported social competency interventions for youth with developmental disorders (e.g. Autism Spectrum Disorders & Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder); Therapeutic process variables (mediators and moderators of outcomes) in social competency intervention research; Developmental psychopathological and neuroplastic models of social competence deficits; Peer relations and their impact on developmental psychopathology.
Current Research:
The ability to connect with peers and develop friendships is among the most crucial
and complex developments in youth. While this capacity develops easily for most children,
some, such as those with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD), experience persistent social challenges. Surprisingly little is known
about the perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes that may go awry in these
populations as they pertain to social functioning. Elucidating these processes is
important for revealing the subtle capacities necessary for typical, fluid social
functioning, and necessary for development and refinement of interventions to improve
such functioning.
Dr. Lerner uses methods drawn from basic development, developmental psychopathology,
social neuroscience, and controlled trials research to explore how basic, often novel
processes impact social development. He also designs and implements interventions
to learn whether these processes may be causally related to social functioning, with
the aim of improving long-term outcomes for populations with social challenges. His
work considers how youth see, think about, and act on their physical and social environment.
He uses this focus on perception, cognition, and behavior to develop new models of
how social functioning occurs and may be impacted through intervention.
Dr. Lerner's lab capitalizes on research strategies including advanced quantitative
methods (e.g., multilevel modeling), electrophysiology (i.e. event-related potentials
[ERP]) and multi-method assessment (e.g., observational, diagnostic, and self-report).
These strategies are employed via community-based procedures, clinic-based intervention
designs (i.e. randomized controlled trial [RCT]), and lab-based controlled designs
to conduct both descriptive and applied research to answer questions of typical and
atypical social development. Please visit his website to learn more about his current
studies.
Representative Publications:
* = student author; ¥ = joint first-authorship
Black, M., Mahdi, S., Milbourn, B., Thompson, C., D’Angelo, A., Strom, E., Falkmer, M., Falkmer, T., Lerner, M.D., Halladay, A., Gerber, A.H.,* Esposito, C.M.,* Girdler, S., Bolte, S. (in press). Perspectives of key stakeholders on employment of autistic adults across the USA, Australia and Sweden. Autism Research.
De Los Reyes, A., Lerner, M.D., Keeley, L.M., Weber, R., Drabick, D.A.G., Rabinowitz, J., Goodman, K.L. (in press). Improving interpretability of subjective assessments about psychological phenomena: a review and cross-cultural meta-analysis. Review of General Psychology.
Kang, E., ¥^* Clarkson, T., ¥^* Keifer, C.M.,* Rosen, T.E.,* Lerner, M.D. ^ (in press). Discrete electrocortical predictors of anxiety and anxiety-related treatment response in youth with autism spectrum disorder. Biological Psychology.
Kim, H., ¥* Greene, A., ¥* Eaton, N.R., Lerner, M.D., & Gadow, K.D. (in press). Is There a General Factor of the Autism Symptom Phenotype? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry.
Russo-Ponsaran, N.M., Lerner, M.D., McKown, C., Weber, R.J.,* Karls, A., Kang, E.,* Sommer, S.L.* (in press). Web-based assessment of social cognition in school-age youth with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research.
Kerns, CM, Berkowitz, SJ, Moskowitz, L, Drahota, A, Lerner, MD, UCAS Consortium, Newschaffer, CJ. (in press) Screening and treatment of trauma-related symptoms in youth with autism spectrum disorder amongst community providers. Autism.
De Los Reyes, A., Lerner, M.D., Keeley, L.M., Weber, R., Drabick, D.A.G., Rabinowitz, J., Goodman, K.L. (in press). Improving interpretability of subjective assessments about psychological phenomena: a review and cross-cultural meta-analysis. Review of General Psychology.
Marro, B.M.,¥* Kang, E.,¥* Hauschild, K.M.,* Normansell, K.M.,* Abu-Ramadan, T.M.,* Lerner, M.D. ^ (in press). Social performance-based interventions promote gains in social knowledge in the absence of explicit training for youth with autism spectrum disorder. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic.
Mikami, A.Y., Miller, M., Lerner, M.D. (in press). Social functioning in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: transdiagnostic commonalities and differences. Clinical Psychology Review.
Kang, E,* Gadow, K.D., & Lerner, M.D. (in press). Atypical communication characteristics, differential diagnosis, and the autism spectrum disorder clinical phenotype in youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology.
Rosen, T.E.,* Spaulding, C.J.,* Gates, J.A.,* Gadow, K.D., & Lerner, M.D.^ (in press). Autism severity, co-occurring psychopathology, and intellectual functioning predict supportive school services for youth with ASD. Autism.
Kim, H.,* Keifer, C.M.,* Rodriguez‐Seijas, C.,* Eaton, N.R., Lerner, M.D., & Gadow, K.D. (in press). Quantifying the optimal structure of the autism phenotype: a comprehensive comparison of dimensional, categorical, and hybrid models. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry.
De Los Reyes, A., Makol, B.A., Racz, S.J., Youngstrom, E.A., Lerner, M.D., Keely, L.M. (in press). The Work and Social Adjustment Scale for Youth: a measure for assessing youth psychosocial impairment regardless of mental health status. Journal of Child and Family Studies.
Scott, M., Milbourn, B., Falkmer, M., Bӧlte, S., Halladay, A., Lerner. M.D., Lounds-Taylor, J., Girdler, S. (in press). Factors impacting employment for people with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A scoping review. Autism.
Rosen, T.E.,* Mazefsky, C.A., Vasa, R.A., & Lerner, M.D. (2018). Co-occurring psychiatric conditions in autism spectrum disorder. International Review of Psychiatry, 30, 40 - 61. DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2018.1450229.
Kang, E.,* Keifer, C.M.,* Levy, E.J.,* Foss-Feig, J.H., McPartland, J.C., & Lerner, M.D. (2018). Atypicality of the N170 event-related potential in autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 3, 657 - 666.
Rosen, T.E.,* & Lerner, M.D.^ (2018). Error-related brain activity and anxiety symptoms in youth with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 11, 342-354. DOI: 10.1002/aur.1898.
Black, S.R.,* Lerner, M.D., Shirtcliff, E.A., & Klein, D.N. (2018). Patterns of neuroendocrine coupling in 9-Year-Old children: effects of sex, body-mass index, and life stress. Biological Psychology, 132, 252-259. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.11.004.
Goldstein, T.R., Lerner, M.D. (in press). Dramatic pretend play games uniquely improve emotional control in young children. Developmental Science. DOI: 10.1111/desc.12603.
Gates, J.A.,* Kang, E.,* Lerner, M.D. (2017). Efficacy of group social skills interventions for youth with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 52, 164- 181. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.01.006. NIHMS 847192.
Lerner, M.D., De Los Reyes, A., Drabick, D.A.G., Gerber, A.H.,* Gadow, K.D. (in press). Informant discrepancy defines discrete, clinically-useful autism spectrum disorder subgroups. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12730.
Keenan, E.G.,* Gotham, K., Lerner, M.D. (in press). Hooked on a feeling: repetitive cognition and internalizing symptomatology in relation to autism spectrum symptomatology. Autism. DOI: 10.1177/1362361317709.
Kim, H.,* Keifer, C.M.,* Rodriguez-Seijas, C.,* Eaton, N.R., Lerner, M.D., Gadow, K.D. (in press). Structural hierarchy of autism spectrum disorder symptoms: an integrative framework. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. Doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12698. NIHMS 845371.
Wainer, A., Drahota, A., Cohn, E., Kerns, C., Lerner, M. D., Marro, B.,* Moskowitz, L., Soorya, L. (2017). Understanding the landscape of psychosocial intervention practices for social, emotional, and behavioral challenges in youth with ASD: A study protocol. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 10, 178-197. DOI: 10.1080/19315864.2017.1284289.
Kang, E.,* Klein, E.F.,* Lillard, A.S. & Lerner, M.D. (2016). Predictors and moderators of spontaneous pretend play in children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1577. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01577
Rosen, T.E.*, Lerner, M.D. (2016). Externalizing and internalizing symptoms moderate longitudinal patterns of facial emotion recognition in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 46, 2621-2634. DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2800-y.
Mendelson, J.L.*, Gates, J.A.,* & Lerner, M.D. (2016). Friendship in school-age boys with autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analytic summary and developmental, process-based model. Psychological Bulletin, 142, 601 - 622. Doi: 10.1037/bul0000041.
Goldstein, T.R., Lerner, M.D., Winner, E. (in press). The arts as a venue for developmental science: realizing a latent opportunity. Child Development. DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12884.
De Los Reyes, A., Aldao, A., Qasmieh, N., Dunn, E.J., Lipton, M.F., Hartman, C., Dougherty, L.R., Youngstrom, E.A., Lerner, M.D. (in press). Graphical representations of adolescents' psychophysiological reactivity to social stressor tasks: reliability and validity of the chernoff face approach and person-centered profiles for clinical use. Psychological Assessment. DOI: 10.1037/pas0000354.
Spaulding, C.J.*, Lerner, M.D., Gadow, K.D. (2017). Trajectories and correlates of special education supports for youth with ASD and psychiatric comparisons. Autism, 21, 423-435. DOI: 10.1177/1362361316645428.
Meyer, A.* Lerner, M.D., De Los Reyes, A. Laird, R., Hajcak, G. (2017). Considering ERP difference scores as individual difference measures: issues with subtraction and alternative approaches. Psychophysiology, 54, 114 – 122. DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12664.
Garman, H.D.,* Spaulding, C.,* Webb, S.J., Mikami, A.Y., Morris, J.P., Lerner, M.D. (2016). Wanting it too much: an inverse relation between social motivation and facial emotion recognition in autism spectrum disorder. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 47, 890 - 902. DOI:10.1007/s10578-015-0620-5.
Fjermestad, K.W., Lerner, M.D., McLeod, B.D., Wergeland, G.H., Heiervang, E.R., Silverman, W.K., Öst, L.E., De Los Reyes, A., Havik, O.E., Haugland, B.S.M. (2016). Therapist-youth agreement on alliance change predicts outcome in CBT for youth anxiety disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 625–632. DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12485.
Rankin, J.A.,* Weber, R.J.,* Kang, E.,* Lerner, M.D. (2016). Parent- and self-reported social skills importance in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 46, 273-286.
Lerner, M.D., Potthoff, L.M.,* Hunter, S.J. (2015). Optimizing cross-sectional prediction of social functioning in youth referred for neuropsychological testing. PLoS One, 10(15), 1 - 16.
Tudor, M.E.*, Walsh, C.E., Mulder, E.C., & Lerner, M.D. (2015). Pain as a predictor of sleep problems in a sample of youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Autism: The International Journal of Research & Practice, 19, 292 - 300.
Tudor, M.E.*,Lerner, M.D. (2015). Intervention and support for siblings of youth with developmental disabilities: a systematic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 18, 1 - 23.
White, S.W.¥, Lerner, M.D.¥, McLeod, B.D., Wood, J.J., Ginsburg, G., Kerns, C., Ollendick, T., Kendall, P.C., Piacentini, J., Walkup, J., Compton, S. (2015). Anxiety in children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorders: Examination of factorial equivalence. Behavior Therapy, 46, 40 – 53.
Webb, S.J., Bernier, R., Henderson, H.A., Johnson, M.H., Jones, E.J.H., Lerner, M.D., McPartland, J.C., Nelson, C.A., Rojas, D.C., Townsend, J., Westerfield, M. (2015). Guidelines and best practices for electrophysiological data collection, analysis and reporting in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 425-443.
De Los Reyes, A., Lerner, M.D., Goepel, K.A., Daruwala, S.E., Thomas, S.A. (2013). Discrepancies between parent and adolescent beliefs about daily life topics and performance on an emotion recognition task. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 971-982.
Mikami, A.Y., Griggs, M.S., Lerner, M.D., Emeh, C.C., Reuland, M.M., Jack, A., Anthony, M.R. (2013). A randomized trial of a classroom intervention to increase peers’ social inclusion of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81, 100 – 112.
McMahon, C.M., Lerner, M.D., Britton, N.* (2013). Group-based social skills interventions for adolescents with higher-functioning autism spectrum disorder: a review and looking to the future. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 4, 23 - 38.
Lillard, A.S., Lerner, M.D., Hopkins, E.J., Dore, R.A., Smith, E.D., Palmquist, C.M. (2013). The impact of pretend play on children's development: a review of the evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 1 – 34.
Lerner, M.D., Mikami, A.Y. (2013). Correct effect size estimates for strength of association statistics: comment on Odgaard and Fowler (2010). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81, 190 – 191.
Lerner, M.D., McPartland, J.C., Morris, J.P. (2013). Multimodal emotion processing in autism spectrum disorders: an event-related potential study. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience,3, 11 - 21.
- International Society for Autism Research Award: Best Clinical Empirical Paper of 2013.
Lerner, M.D., McLeod, B.D., Mikami, A.Y. (2013). Preliminary evaluation of an observational measure of group cohesion for group psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69, 191 - 208.
Guli, L.A., Semrud-Clikeman, M., Lerner, M.D., Britton, N.* (2013). Social Competence Intervention Program (SCIP): a pilot study of a creative drama program for youth with social difficulties. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 40, 37 - 44.
Linkenauger, S., Lerner, M.D., Ramenzoni, V., Proffitt, D. (2012). A perceptual-motor deficit predicts social and communicative impairments in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Autism Research, 5, 352 - 362.
Lerner, M.D., White, S.W., McPartland, J.C. (2012). Mechanisms of change in psychosocial interventions for autism spectrum disorders. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 14, 307 – 318.
Lerner, M.D., Mikami, A.Y. (2012). A preliminary randomized controlled trial of two social skills interventions for youth with high functioning autism spectrum disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 27, 145-155.
Lerner, M.D., Haque, O.S., Northrup, E.C., Lawer, L., Bursztajn H.J. (2012) Emerging perspectives on adolescents and young adults with high functioning autism spectrum disorders, violence, and criminal law. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 40, 177 - 190. Corrigendum, 40, 445.
Lerner, M.D., Calhoun, C.D., Mikami, A.Y., De Los Reyes, A. (2012). Understanding parent-child social informant discrepancy in youth with high functioning autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42, 2680 - 2692.
Lerner, M.D., Mikami, A.Y., McLeod, B.D. (2011). The alliance in a friendship coaching intervention for parents of children with ADHD. Behavior Therapy, 42, 449 - 461.
Lerner, M.D., Hutchins, T., Prelock, P. (2011). Brief report: preliminary evaluation of the Theory of Mind Inventory (ToMI) and its relationship to measures of social skills. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(4), 512–517.
Lerner, M.D., Mikami, A.Y., Levine, K. (2011). Socio-Dramatic Affective-Relational Intervention for adolescents with Asperger syndrome & high-functioning autism: pilot study. Autism: The International Journal of Research & Practice,15, 21 – 42.
Book Chapters, Abstracts & other Published Work:
Libsack, E.,* Clarkson, T.,* & Lerner, M.D. (2018). Unique perspectives: harnessing multimodal assessment to understand how children with autism decode the social world. Behavioral Health News, 6(1), 35.
Mayor Torres, J.M., Clarkson, T., Stepanov, E.A., Luhmann, C.C., Lerner, M.D., Riccardi, G. (2018). Enhanced Error Decoding from Error-Related Potentials Using Convolutional Neural Networks. In Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE (pp. TBD). Honolulu, HI, July 17 - 21.
Lerner, M.D., Mazefsky, C.A., White, S.W., McPartland, J.C. (in press). Autism spectrum disorder. In J. Butcher, J. Hooley, P.C. Kendall (Eds.), American Psychological Association Handbook of Psychopathology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Books.
Lerner, M.D., Rosen, T.E.,* Kang, E.,* Keifer, C.M.,* Gerber, A.* (in press). Autism spectrum disorder. In Ollendick, T.H., White, S.W., & White, B.A. (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lerner, M.D., Girard, R.M. (in press). Appreciating and promoting social creativity in youth with Asperger’s Syndrome. In Kaufman, S.B. (Ed.), Supporting and Educating Twice-Exceptional Children. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hauser, M.J., Kohn, R., Lerner, M.D., Stein, M., Lory, B., Bursztajn, H.J. (in press). Intellectual disabilities, autism, and aging: medical-legal issues. In Holzer, J.C. (Ed). Geriatric Forensic Psychiatry. Oxford University Press.
Moskowitz, L. J., Rosen, T.,* Lerner, M. D., & Levine, K. (2017). Assessment of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorder. In C. Kerns, E. Storch, P. Kendall, J. J. Wood, & P. Renno (Eds.), Evidence Based Assessment and Treatment of Anxiety in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (pp. 79 – 104). Elsevier.
Gabriel, J.,* Angevin, E.,* Rosen, T.,* Lerner, M.D. (2016). Use of theatrical techniques and elements as interventions for autism spectrum disorders. In Sofia, G. (Ed.), Theater and Cognitive Neuroscience (pp. 163 – 176). London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic.
Mendelson, J.L.,* & Lerner, M.D. (2014). Friendship among school aged boys with ASD, Autism Spectrum News, 7(2), 17, 27, 33.
Riskind, R.G., Palmquist, C.M., Kondrad, R.L., Lerner, M.D. (September 2, 2014). Once in a lifetime: navigating the first year in your first tenure-track job. The Chronicle of Higher Education.
Lerner, M.D., White, S.W. (2015). Moderators and mediators for youth with autism spectrum disorders. In M. Maric, P.J.M. Prins, & T.H. Ollendick (Eds), Moderators and Mediators of Youth Treatment Outcomes (pp. 146 – 173). New York: Oxford University Press.
White, S.W., Kreiser, N.L., Lerner, M.D. (2014). Autism spectrum disorders. In C.A. Alfano and D. Beidel (Eds.), Comprehensive Evidence-Based Interventions for School-Age Children and Adolescents (pp. 213 – 230). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lerner, M.D., McMahon, C.M., Britton, N.* (2014). Autism spectrum disorder in adolescents: promoting social and emotional development. In T.P. Gullotta & M. Bloom (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Primary Prevention and Health Promotion: Adolescence (Vol. 3, 2nd Ed.; pp. 1023 - 1033). New York: Springer.
Lerner, M.D., Morris, J.P., McPartland, J.C. (2012). Processing of emotional faces and voices in Autism Spectrum Disorders: ERP Correlates and Interaction with Social Knowledge. Psychophysiology, 49 (Suppl. 1), S7.
Current Research Support:
- 2019 – 2020 Translating Mechanistic Insights into Intervention Targets for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Richard “Dick” Abidin Early Career Grant. Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (SCCAP)/APA Division 53. PI.
- 2017 – 2021 Investigating Social Competence in Youth with Autism: A Multisite RCT (1R01MH114906). National Institute of Mental Health. Site PI (Other PIs: Corbett & White).
- 2018 – 2019 Electrophysiological Correlates of Social Information Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Science Foundation (Graduate Fellowship). Mentor (PI: C. Keifer).
- 2017 – 2018 The Spotlight Program at the Stony Brook Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders (Autism Speaks Local Grant). Autism Speaks. PI.
- 2017 Improving Employment Outcomes for People with Autism. Autism Science Foundation (Undergraduate Summer Research Award). Mentor (PI: C. Esposito).
- 2016 – 2021 Optimizing Prediction of Social Deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorders (1R01MH110585). National Institute of Mental Health. PI.
- 2016 – 2019 Electrophysiological Correlates of Social-Emotional Learning in ASD. Brain & Behavior Research Foundation (NARSAD Young Investigator Award). PI.
- 2016 – 2017 Surveying the Landscape: ‘Usual Care’ for Core Symptoms and Comorbid Psychopathology in ASD. Pershing Charitable Trust. PI.
- 2016 – 2018 Improving Employment Outcomes for people with Autism (INSAR Policy BriefAward). International Society for Autism Research. Co-PI.
- 2016 – 2017 Community Engagement in Deafness and Autism Research (CEDAR). University of Connecticut Public Discourse Project. Co-PI.
- 2015 – 2017 Center of Excellence in the Care and Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Other Complex Disabilities. New York Office for People with Developmental Disabilities. Research Consultant.
- 2015 – 2017 Theater in School to Promote Youth with ASD - Pilot Study. Arts Connection. PI.
- 2015 – 2016 A Web-Based Tool to Assess Social Cognition in ASD (SFARI# 381283). Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative (Explorer Award). PI.
- 2016 Visiting Scholar. Center for Health Innovation, Adelphi University.
- 2015 – 2016 Electrophysiological Effects of Social Performance-based Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Stony Brook Department of Psychiatry Pilot Grants Program. PI.
- 2016 Validation of the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire in Adults with ASD. Autism Science Foundation (Undergraduate Summer Research Award). Mentor (PI: E. Keenan).
- 2015 – 2016 Effects of Emotion Identification. Alan Alda Fund for Communication. PI.
- 2015 – 2016 Improving Effectiveness of Behavior Management Strategies at Maryhaven. Maryhaven Center of Hope. PI.
- 2015 – 2016 Consortium on Autism & Sign Language. Nancy Lurie Marks Family Foundation. PI.
- 2015 – 2016 Collaborative on Autism & Sign Language. American Academy of Arts & Sciences (Inaugural Exploratory Fund Award). PI (Additional PIs: Aronoff, Nelson, Goldin-Meadow).
- 2014 – 2016 Imaging Depression in Adults with ASD (AR130397). Department of Defense (Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs – Autism Research Program). Co-I (PI: Gadow).
- 2013 – 2016 Cognitive Consequences of Emotion (1252079). National Science Foundation. Consultant (PI: Clore).